Professional and Linguistic Assessments Board (PLAB) Practice Exam

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What is a common side effect of the anticonvulsant medication phenytoin?

Weight gain
Gingival hyperplasia
Somnolence
Rash

The correct answer is: Gingival hyperplasia

Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant medication commonly used in the treatment of seizures. One of its well-documented side effects is gingival hyperplasia, which is characterized by an overgrowth of gum tissue. This condition can lead to swollen, tender gums that may bleed easily, creating oral hygiene challenges and potentially resulting in further dental issues if not monitored. The mechanism behind gingival hyperplasia involves the medication's effect on fibroblasts in the oral cavity, leading to the proliferation of connective tissue. This side effect is particularly significant in long-term users of phenytoin, making it an important consideration for clinicians when prescribing and managing therapy for patients on this drug. Understanding this side effect is crucial for both patient education and ongoing care, as routine dental check-ups and proper oral hygiene can help mitigate the risks associated with this condition.